The Second Crusade: The History of the Controversial Campaign that Led to the Collapse of the Crusader States
Kindle Edition or EPUB + Converted PDF نویسندگان: Charles River Editors
جزئیات
فرمت: Kindle Edition or EPUB + Converted PDF ناشر: Charles River Editors تاریخ انتشار نسخه الکترونیکی : October 17, 2025
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لینک: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0FWTXMT58
245,000 تومان
زمان تحویل: حداکثر 24 ساعت
توضیحات
Of the many campaigns during the Middle Ages, few are as remarkable or seemingly impossible to win at the start as the First Crusade (1095-99), and the true crowning achievement of that crusade, which resulted in two centuries of Western European Christian states in the Middle East and the permanent firing of the European imagination, was the conquest of Jerusalem on July 15, 1099 after three weeks of siege. That victorious siege came four years after the call for a crusade first went out, and had the Crusaders not taken Jerusalem, the First Crusade would not likely have been followed by any more and the campaign might have been no more than an historical footnote of what could have been.In the 50 years following the First Crusade, the Latin states in the East were consolidated, but there were also growing tensions and new challenges. Against this backdrop, the fall of the County of Edessa in December 1144 at the hands of Zengi, the atabeg of Aleppo and Mosul, was a catastrophic event. Founded in 1098 by the future King Baldwin of Boulogne, Edessa was the first Crusader state, as well as the northernmost, weakest, and least populated. It was constantly exposed to Muslim attacks, and news of its fall reached Europe at the beginning of 1145, and the fall was the catalyst for the Second Crusade. Furthermore, the Crusader states were also concerned about their relationship with the Byzantine Empire. Relations with the Empire were often tense. As early as 1105, Bohemond of Antioch travelled to the West in search of troops to fight the Muslims while concealing his intention to attack parts of the Byzantine Empire. He reportedly obtained papal acquiescence, though not an explicit bull.Historically, writers have given little prominence to the Second Crusade because of its failure, and it is understandably overshadowed by the triumphant First Crusade and the more captivating Third Crusade. For a long time, historiography attributed a central role to Bernard of Clairvaux, sometimes portraying him as the sole architect of the enterprise due to the political difficulties experienced by Pope Eugene III in Rome. However, more recent studies have re-evaluated the Pope's role, emphasizing his commitment to planning and coordinating the crusade through a network of legates and advisors. Contrary to the portrayal of him as a naïve monk, Eugene III had a profound grasp of the dynamics of crusading and the boundaries of Christendom, which informed his bull and overall strategy. Another historiographical issue concerns the scope of the crusade itself: Giles Constable argued that it encompassed virtually every major military expedition against non-Christians during that period, constituting a grand design of Christian defense. This thesis was supported only by Helmold of Bosau, a 12th century chronicler. Other scholars, such as Alan Forey, have pointed out that most contemporary chroniclers focused on a single theatre of combat, reflecting the regional priorities of their audiences. Modern historiography tends to move beyond the idea of a rigidly preordained papal plan. Instead, it suggests that Eugene and Bernard acted reactively, seizing the opportunity to broaden the scope of the campaign by integrating local aspirations into a larger enterprise.
245,000 تومان
زمان تحویل: حداکثر 24 ساعت